ANS:C - Dotage

No answer description is available. 

ANS:D - Both A and C.

No answer description is available. Let's discuss.

ANS:C - making a subsidiary traverse to determine the length of a long leg

No answer description is available. 

ANS:A - 1 and 2

No answer description is available.

ANS:A - differential distillation equation

The differential distillation equation is a mathematical expression used to describe the process of distillation, which involves separating a mixture of liquids based on their differences in volatility (boiling points). The equation provides a quantitative understanding of how the compositions of the liquid and vapor phases change as the distillation process progresses. The fundamental principle underlying the equation is based on the concept of vapor-liquid equilibrium, where at any given temperature and pressure, the composition of the vapor phase and the composition of the liquid phase are related. The general form of the differential distillation equation is: 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥=𝐾⋅(𝑥−𝑦)(1−𝑥)⋅(𝑦−𝑥)dxdy​=(1−x)⋅(y−x)K⋅(x−y)​ Where:

• 𝑦y is the mole fraction of the more volatile component in the vapor phase.
• 𝑥x is the mole fraction of the more volatile component in the liquid phase.
• 𝐾K is the equilibrium constant or the vapor-liquid equilibrium ratio.

ANS:C - expanding tube at increasing rate.

Unsteady non-uniform flow is typically represented by flow through an expanding tube at increasing rate.

Explanation:

1. Unsteady Flow:
   • Unsteady flow refers to flow conditions where the velocity and/or flow rate change with time at a given point in the flow field. This can occur due to changes in boundary conditions, sudden changes in flow rate, or variations in the geometry of the flow path.
2. Non-uniform Flow:
   • Non-uniform flow means that the velocity or flow rate varies across different sections of the flow path. This can occur due to changes in cross-sectional area, friction losses, or other factors affecting flow distribution.
3. Representative Scenarios:
   • Long pipe at constant rate: In this scenario, flow may be steady (not changing with time) and uniform (same velocity profile across the cross-section) if conditions do not change along the length of the pipe.
   • Long pipe at decreasing rate: This could imply a scenario where flow rate or velocity decreases along the length of the pipe, which could indicate non-uniform flow but not necessarily unsteady flow unless the change is with time.
   • Expanding tube at increasing rate: Flow through an expanding tube where the cross-sectional area increases along the flow direction can lead to both unsteady and non-uniform flow. The increasing cross-sectional area typically causes acceleration of flow, leading to changes in velocity with time (unsteady) and variations in velocity across the section (non-uniform).
   • Expanding tube at constant rate: This scenario would likely result in steady flow conditions if the rate of expansion does not change with time. However, it would still exhibit non-uniform flow due to the changing cross-sectional area.
4. Conclusion:
   • Among the options provided, flow through an expanding tube at increasing rate best represents unsteady non-uniform flow. The expansion causes changes in flow velocity both along the tube (unsteady) and across the tube's cross-section (non-uniform).

ANS:A - New Delhi

New Delhi has begun the 10th Edition of the North East Festival recently.

ANS:D - Chennai

Navy launched the indigenously-built ship 'Arnala' in Chennai.

ANS:B - hydrogenation

The correct answer is: hydrogenation

Explanation:

Methods to Reduce Rancidity:

1. Decoloration: This process removes pigments and impurities but does not significantly affect the oxidation of oils, hence it doesn't effectively reduce rancidity.
2. Hydrogenation: This process involves adding hydrogen to the unsaturated bonds in fatty acids, converting them to saturated fats. Saturated fats are more stable and less prone to oxidation, which reduces rancidity. Hydrogenation is commonly used in the food industry to increase the shelf life of oils and fats.
3. Oxidation: This is actually the process that causes rancidity, so it would increase rather than reduce rancidity.
4. Purification: Purification can remove impurities and contaminants, which might slightly help in reducing rancidity, but it doesn't address the primary cause, which is the oxidation of unsaturated fats.

ANS:D - New Delhi

NMCG & TERI launched the Centre of Excellence on Water Reuse in New Delhi.