ANS:A - Pedantic

No answer description is available. 

ANS:C - Only I is correct.

No answer description is available. Let's discuss.

ANS:C - both (a) and (b)

No answer description is available.

ANS:C - cdb, def, bfa

No answer description is available.

ANS:C - binary phase distillation

Steady-state equimolal counter-diffusion occurs in binary phase distillation. In binary phase distillation, two components with similar volatility are being separated. As they travel up the distillation column, there's a continuous exchange of molecules between the liquid and vapor phases. Equimolal counter-diffusion means that the rate of transfer of each component from the liquid phase to the vapor phase and vice versa is equal. This results in no net change in the composition of the liquid or vapor phase, which is characteristic of equimolal counter-diffusion. The other processes mentioned—leaching, absorption, and liquid-liquid extraction—involve different mechanisms and are not typically associated with equimolal counter-diffusion.

ANS:A - 1 cm²/second

Kinematic viscosity is a measure of a fluid's internal resistance to flow under gravitational forces. It is defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to fluid density. The unit of kinematic viscosity in the CGS (centimeter-gram-second) system is the stoke (St). One stoke is defined as the kinematic viscosity of a fluid in which a force of one dyne per square centimeter maintains a velocity gradient of one centimeter per second per centimeter. In simpler terms, it is the viscosity of a fluid that flows through an area of one square centimeter at a rate of one centimeter per second under the influence of gravity. Mathematically, kinematic viscosity (ν) is given by: ν=μρ\nu = \frac{\mu}{\rho}ν=ρμ​ where:

• ν\nuν is the kinematic viscosity,
• μ\muμ is the dynamic viscosity,
• ρ\rhoρ is the density.

ANS:B - biochemical

The correct answer is: biochemical

Explanation:

Biochemical refers to the chemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms. Here are the key aspects of biochemistry:

1. Definition

• Biochemical: Relating to the chemical processes and substances that form the basis of biological functions, including metabolism, enzyme activity, and molecular biology.

2. Key Components

• Macromolecules: Biochemical processes often involve macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), carbohydrates, and lipids. These molecules are essential for structure, function, and regulation in cells.
• Metabolites: Small molecules involved in metabolism, including substrates, intermediates, and end products of biochemical reactions.

3. Types of Biochemical Reactions

• Metabolic Pathways: Biochemical reactions are organized into pathways, such as glycolysis (glucose metabolism), the Krebs cycle (energy production), and the urea cycle (nitrogen metabolism).
• Enzymatic Reactions: Enzymes, as biological catalysts, accelerate biochemical reactions, lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur.

4. Importance in Living Organisms

• Energy Production: Biochemical processes are crucial for energy production and storage in living organisms, enabling them to perform essential functions.
• Cellular Communication: Biochemical signals regulate processes such as cell growth, immune responses, and hormonal signaling.

5. Applications of Biochemistry

• Medical Research: Understanding biochemical pathways is vital in developing drugs and therapies for diseases.
• Biotechnology: Biochemical principles are applied in industries such as pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and food production to create products and improve processes.

Summary

ANS:B - Mumbai

Technotex 2023 is to be held in Mumbai from 22 to 24 Feb 2023.

ANS:A - Hyderabad

First gold ATM of India installed in Hyderabad. It's also the world's first 24/7 ATM allowing customers to purchase gold in various quantities. The gold ATM allows customers to buy gold using their debit or credit card.

ANS:B - adiabatic expansion through a throttle valve (Joule-Thomson expansion).

The correct answer is: adiabatic expansion through a throttle valve (Joule-Thomson expansion).

Explanation:

Adiabatic expansion through a throttle valve, also known as Joule-Thomson expansion, is a thermodynamic process used in gas liquefaction and refrigeration. Here’s how it works:

1. Concept of Adiabatic Expansion

• Adiabatic Process: In an adiabatic process, there is no heat exchange with the surroundings. The system is thermally insulated, meaning any energy change occurs solely due to work done on or by the system.
• Expansion: When a gas expands without heat exchange, its internal energy changes, which can lead to a drop in temperature.

2. Throttle Valve Mechanism

• Throttle Valve: A throttle valve is a device that allows a gas to pass through while reducing its pressure. It creates a sudden drop in pressure, which facilitates expansion.
• Joule-Thomson Effect: When a gas expands through the throttle valve, it experiences a decrease in pressure. Depending on the gas and its initial conditions, this can result in a temperature drop, which is the essence of the Joule-Thomson effect.

3. Process Steps

1. Compression: The gas is initially compressed, raising its temperature and pressure.
2. Cooling: The compressed gas is then cooled, often through heat exchange with a colder stream, to prepare it for expansion.
3. Expansion: The cooled, high-pressure gas is allowed to expand through the throttle valve, causing a drop in pressure and temperature.
4. Liquefaction: If the temperature drops sufficiently, the gas can condense into a liquid state.

4. Applications

• Gas Liquefaction: This process is fundamental in the liquefaction of gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, and natural gas.
• Refrigeration Systems: It is also used in refrigeration and cryogenic applications to achieve low temperatures.

Summary