ANS:A - Omnivorous

No answer description is available. 

ANS:B - A reference is stored on stack.

No answer description is available. Let's discuss.

ANS:C - azimuth

Azimuth is the smaller angle when the bearing is measured wrt true meridian and expressed in WCB i.e. when the true bearing is less than 180 degrees then azimuth = true bearing but when the true bearing is more than 180 degrees then azimuth = 360-true bearing.

We have to take a smaller angle for azimuth it may be either clockwise or anticlockwise.

Here we have to clarify the difference between true meridian & magnetic meridian.

The first true meridian is true magnetic Poles (North & South) when the horizontal angle of any line is measured with respect to the true meridian the angle is called "true bearing or bearing".

Second Magnetic meridian is imaginary line connecting north & south poles, when the horizontal angle of any line is measured with respect to the Magnetic meridian the angle is called "azimuth". The navigator uses the azimuth for there navigation purpose. True meridian is a north-south line and azimuth is angle reference to North-South mean angle made with north it's called the azimuth. The correct one is C. Because the angle measured from true meridian with survey line & that is horizontal. In WCB or Azimuth angles are measured from North. Azimuth or whole circle bearing angles range from 0 to 360 Degree.

Bearing or reduced bearing angle range from 0 to 90 degree.

As you can see in the question Smaller horizontal angle the correct answer is Bearing.

ANS:C -

No answer description is available.

ANS:B - 1

The Lewis number (𝐿𝑒Le) is a dimensionless parameter that relates the thermal diffusivity (𝐷𝑇DT​) to the mass diffusivity (𝐷𝑚Dm​) in a fluid mixture. It is defined as: 𝐿𝑒=𝐷𝑇𝐷𝑚Le=Dm​DT​​ If the mass diffusivity in a mixture is equal to the thermal diffusivity, then 𝐿𝑒Le would be equal to 1. So, the correct answer is: 𝐿𝑒=1Le=1

ANS:B - Globe valve

Among the options provided, the globe valve facilitates close control of the flow of fluids. Here’s why:

• Globe Valve: Globe valves are designed to provide precise control over fluid flow. They have a linear motion disk (or plug) that can be moved against the flow to vary the flow rate through the valve. By adjusting the position of the disk, the flow can be finely regulated from fully closed to fully open, allowing for accurate control of the flow rate.
• Gate Valve: Gate valves are primarily used for fully open or fully closed positions and are not typically suitable for fine flow control due to their design that creates turbulence when partially opened.
• Butterfly Valve: Butterfly valves are used for quick operation to fully open or fully close, rather than for precise flow control. They are often used in applications where rapid shut-off or isolation is needed.
• Check Valve: Check valves are designed to allow flow in only one direction and do not provide control over the rate of flow.

1. Body and Construction:
   • The body of a globe valve is generally spherical or cylindrical in shape.
   • It has an inlet and an outlet, typically aligned in a straight line, which makes it suitable for applications where a straight flow path is needed.
2. Valve Disc and Seat:
   • Inside the valve body, there is a movable disc or plug that can be raised or lowered onto a seat to regulate the flow of fluid.
   • The disc is connected to a stem that extends outside the valve body, allowing it to be operated manually or by an actuator.
3. Flow Control Mechanism:
   • Globe valves control flow by the linear motion of the disc perpendicular to the flow path.
   • When the valve is fully open, the disc is lifted completely off the seat, allowing maximum flow.
   • By gradually lowering the disc onto the seat, the flow area is reduced, thereby controlling the rate of fluid flow.
4. Types of Globe Valves:
   • Angle Globe Valve: This variation has the inlet and outlet at an angle, which can be advantageous for applications where space is limited or where flow direction needs to be changed.
   • Straight Globe Valve: This type has a straight flow path through the valve body.
5. Applications:
   • Globe valves are suitable for applications requiring fine flow control, such as throttling and regulating flow.
   • They are commonly used in industries such as water treatment, HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning), power generation, chemical processing, and petrochemicals.
6. Advantages:
   • Precise flow control: Globe valves offer excellent control over the flow rate due to the linear motion of the disc.
   • Good shutoff capability: When fully closed, globe valves provide a tight seal against fluid flow.
   • Versatility: They can handle a wide range of temperatures and pressures depending on the material of construction.
7. Disadvantages:
   • Pressure drop: The design of globe valves can cause significant pressure drop across the valve, particularly in fully open or partially closed positions.
   • Maintenance: Due to their internal construction and moving parts, globe valves may require more frequent maintenance compared to other types of valves.

ANS:C - Lead chromates

Lead chromates are a yellow pigment. Lead chromates are a yellow pigment commonly used in various applications due to their vibrant color and excellent stability. Here’s a detailed explanation:

Composition and Structure:

1. Chemical Formula: Lead chromate has the chemical formula PbCrO₄, which consists of lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and oxygen (O).
2. Crystalline Structure: It typically forms as a bright yellow powder or solid with a crystalline structure, contributing to its pigmentation properties.

Properties:

1. Color: Lead chromate is known for its strong yellow color, making it an ideal choice for pigments in paints, coatings, and plastics.
2. Stability: It exhibits good chemical stability and resistance to fading when exposed to light, ensuring long-lasting color in applications.
3. Opacity: Lead chromate provides excellent opacity, allowing for effective coverage in coatings and finishes.

Uses:

1. Paints and Coatings: Due to its bright yellow hue, lead chromate is widely used in industrial and artistic paints, as well as protective coatings for metal surfaces.
2. Plastics and Inks: It is also utilized in colored plastics and inks, contributing to the vivid color in various products.
3. Historical Use: Lead chromate has historically been important in art and manufacturing, although its use has declined due to health concerns associated with lead exposure.

Health and Environmental Concerns:

Summary:

ANS:A - Sarbananda Sonowal

Union Minister Sarbananda Sonowal has inaugurated the Ayush Utsav at the Government Unani Medical College & Hospital (GUMC) in Ganderbal, Kashmir.

ANS:B - phenol

Catalytic oxidation of toluene produces benzaldehyde. Catalytic oxidation of toluene produces benzaldehyde through a controlled reaction that involves the introduction of oxygen. Here’s how the process works:

Reaction Overview:

1. Starting Material: Toluene (C₇H₈) is an aromatic hydrocarbon with a methyl group attached to a benzene ring.
2. Catalytic Oxidation: In this process, toluene is oxidized using a catalyst (often a metal catalyst like palladium or platinum) in the presence of oxygen (or air). The reaction typically occurs under controlled temperatures and pressures.

Reaction Mechanism:

• Oxidation Process: The oxidation of toluene involves the removal of hydrogen atoms and the addition of oxygen, transforming the methyl group (-CH₃) into a formyl group (-CHO), resulting in benzaldehyde (C₇H₆O). C7H8+O2→C7H6O+H2O\text{C}_7\text{H}_8 + \text{O}_2 \rightarrow \text{C}_7\text{H}_6\text{O} + \text{H}_2\text{O}C7​H8​+O2​→C7​H6​O+H2​O

Key Features:

1. Selectivity: The catalytic oxidation is selective, meaning it preferentially produces benzaldehyde over other potential products, such as further oxidation to carboxylic acids.
2. Conditions: The reaction conditions, including temperature and pressure, are optimized to maximize the yield of benzaldehyde and minimize side reactions.

Applications of Benzaldehyde:

• Flavoring and Fragrance: It is commonly used in the food industry and perfumery for its pleasant almond-like aroma.
• Chemical Intermediate: Benzaldehyde serves as a precursor for the synthesis of other chemicals, including pharmaceuticals, dyes, and resins.

Summary:

ANS:C - Reliance Industries Limited

Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) posted the proceedings of its second-quarter earnings call on the metaverse.