ANS:B - Papaya

Explanation: All except Papaya are vegetables, while papaya is a fruit.

ANS:A - in freshly produced sewage

1. Freshly produced sewage:
   • When sewage is freshly produced, it typically contains a mixture of organic and inorganic materials, including human waste, household chemicals, food particles, and other debris. Some of these organic materials can serve as a food source for microorganisms.
   • Initially, aerobic activity may be present as aerobic microorganisms start to metabolize the organic matter in the sewage, breaking it down into simpler compounds. This aerobic activity leads to the consumption of oxygen dissolved in the sewage.
   • However, as microbial activity increases and organic matter is consumed, oxygen levels in the sewage quickly decrease. This decline in oxygen availability limits the continuation of aerobic activity, and anaerobic conditions may begin to dominate, especially in deeper layers of sewage and within sewer pipes.
2. Sewer pipes:
   • Within sewer pipes, conditions are generally less conducive to aerobic activity compared to other environments. Sewer pipes provide a confined space where sewage flows under gravity or pressure, transporting it from households and businesses to wastewater treatment plants.
   • Oxygen availability within sewer pipes is limited due to factors such as the lack of direct contact with atmospheric oxygen and the rapid consumption of oxygen by microorganisms present in the sewage. As a result, anaerobic conditions often prevail in sewer pipes.
   • Anaerobic microorganisms thrive in these conditions and contribute to the degradation of organic matter through processes such as fermentation and anaerobic respiration. While some aerobic activity may still occur at the interface between sewage and the pipe walls where oxygen from the atmosphere can diffuse, overall, aerobic activity is minimal in sewer pipes.
3. Sewer treatment plants:
   • Sewer treatment plants are designed to treat wastewater collected from sewers before discharging it back into the environment. These plants employ various treatment processes to remove pollutants, including physical, chemical, and biological methods.
   • Aerobic activity is a key component of biological wastewater treatment processes, such as activated sludge systems and aerobic digestion. In these processes, aerobic microorganisms metabolize organic matter in the presence of oxygen, converting it into simpler compounds such as carbon dioxide, water, and biomass.
   • To support aerobic activity, wastewater treatment plants aerate the sewage by introducing air or oxygen into treatment tanks. This aeration ensures sufficient oxygen levels for aerobic microorganisms to thrive and efficiently degrade organic pollutants.
   • By optimizing aerobic conditions, sewer treatment plants can achieve high removal efficiencies for organic pollutants and other contaminants, resulting in treated wastewater that meets regulatory standards for discharge into receiving waters.

ANS:A - lower propagation delay

Schottky transistors have low switching time and hence low propagation delay.

ANS:A - reversible

When a gas in a vessel expands and its internal energy decreases, the process involved is irreversible. In an irreversible process, the system undergoes changes that cannot be exactly reversed to restore the system to its original state. In the case of gas expansion where internal energy decreases, it typically occurs due to the gas doing work on its surroundings, such as pushing a piston. During this expansion, the gas loses internal energy as it performs work, resulting in a decrease in its internal energy. Conversely, in a reversible process, the system undergoes changes in such a way that it can be exactly reversed by an infinitesimal change in a property. Isothermal and adiabatic processes can be reversible or irreversible depending on the conditions and constraints applied to the system. However, in this case, since the process results in a decrease in internal energy, it indicates irreversibility.

ANS:D - Naima Khatoon

Professor Naima Khatoon has been appointed as the first woman Vice-Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), breaking a century-old glass ceiling. This historic appointment is significant, representing a step towards inclusive leadership and showcasing the government's commitment to empowering women in leadership roles.