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Directions to Solve
Each question given below consists of a statement, followed by two arguments numbered I and II. You have to decide which of the arguments is a 'strong' argument and which is a 'weak' argument.
Give answer:
- (A) If only argument I is strong
- (B) If only argument II is strong
- (C) If either I or II is strong
- (D) If neither I nor II is strong and
- (E) If both I and II are strong.
A
Either I or II is strong
B
Both I and II are strong
C Neither I nor II is strong
D
Only argument I is strong
E
Only argument II is strong
ANS:C -
Either I or II is strong
Explanation:
Religion binds people together through the name of God and human values. But at the same time it may create differences and ill-will among people. So, either of the arguments holds strong.
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Directions to Solve
Choose the correct alternative that will continue the same pattern and replace the question mark in the given series.
ANS:B - 4718
Explanation:
Each term in the series is obtained by subtracting from the preceding term the number
formed by the first three digits of the preceding term.
So, missing term = 5242 - 524 = 4718.
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ANS:B - False
No answer description is available.
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ANS:C - 8 mm
No answer description is available.
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B
peak and average values
ANS:A -
peak and rms values
No answer description is available.
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A
CONFIG.BAT, AUTOEXEC.BAT
B
AUTOEXECBAT COMMAND.COM
C AUTOEXECBAT, CONFIG.SYS
E
CONFIG.SYS, AUTOEXEC.BAT
ANS:B -
CONFIG.SYS, AUTOEXEC.BAT
No answer description is available.
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A low final boiling point product
ANS:A - low final boiling point product
In catalytic alkylation, a higher iso-butane to olefin ratio typically results in both (a) and (b):
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Low final boiling point product: Increasing the iso-butane to olefin ratio tends to favor the production of alkylate with lower final boiling points. This is because iso-butane is a lighter hydrocarbon that contributes to the formation of smaller, more volatile alkylate molecules.
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Higher yield: A higher iso-butane to olefin ratio also generally leads to higher yields of alkylate. This is because iso-butane acts as a reactant and a diluent, promoting the alkylation reaction and reducing side reactions that can lead to the formation of undesired byproducts.
Therefore, the correct answer is that a higher iso-butane to olefin ratio in catalytic alkylation gives both a low final boiling point product and a higher yield.
A "low final boiling point product" in the context of catalytic alkylation refers to the alkylate produced having a final boiling point that is lower than the starting materials or other potential products of the alkylation reaction. Here’s an explanation:
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Alkylation Process: Catalytic alkylation involves the reaction of an olefin (typically a lower-molecular-weight alkene like propylene or butylene) with an alkylating agent such as iso-butane. This reaction is catalyzed by strong acids like sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) or hydrofluoric acid (HF).
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Product Characteristics: The product of catalytic alkylation, known as alkylate, is a mixture of branched-chain hydrocarbons (alkylates) with higher octane numbers than the original components. The final boiling point of the alkylate depends on the molecular weight and structure of the alkyl groups added during the reaction.
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Effect of Iso-Butane Ratio: Increasing the iso-butane to olefin ratio in the alkylation process has several effects:
- Lower Final Boiling Point: Iso-butane is a lighter hydrocarbon compared to the olefinic reactants. It tends to produce alkyl groups that are smaller and less complex, resulting in alkylate products with lower molecular weights and, consequently, lower boiling points.
- Improved Vapor Pressure: Lower boiling point products have lower vapor pressures, which can improve their performance in fuel applications by reducing vapor lock and volatility issues.
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Application in Fuel Production: In the petroleum refining industry, low final boiling point alkylates are desirable for blending into gasoline to improve octane ratings without significantly increasing the final boiling point of the fuel. This helps in meeting regulatory specifications and improving the performance characteristics of gasoline.
In summary, achieving a low final boiling point product in catalytic alkylation involves optimizing the iso-butane to olefin ratio to favor the production of lighter alkylates. This is beneficial for producing high-quality alkylates suitable for blending into gasoline and other fuels.
In the context of catalytic alkylation, "higher yield" refers to the increased production of desired alkylate products relative to the amount of starting materials used in the process. Here’s an explanation of what higher yield means and how it is achieved:
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Alkylation Process: Catalytic alkylation involves the reaction of an olefin (such as propylene or butylene) with an alkylating agent, typically iso-butane, in the presence of a catalyst (e.g., sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid). This reaction forms branched-chain alkylates, which have higher octane numbers than the original olefinic compounds.
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Yield Definition: Yield in chemistry refers to the amount of product obtained in a chemical reaction compared to the theoretical maximum amount that could be obtained (based on stoichiometry). It is typically expressed as a percentage.
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Factors Influencing Yield:
- Reactor Conditions: Optimal reactor conditions such as temperature, pressure, and residence time are crucial in maximizing yield. These conditions affect the rate of the alkylation reaction and the selectivity towards the desired products.
- Catalyst Efficiency: The choice and condition of the catalyst play a significant role in determining yield. A more active and selective catalyst promotes higher conversion of reactants into desired products.
- Reactant Ratios: The ratio of iso-butane to olefin (alkene) is critical. Higher ratios of iso-butane relative to olefin can lead to higher yields by ensuring that more of the olefin is reacted and converted into alkylate rather than undergoing undesired side reactions.
- Process Optimization: Process engineers optimize various parameters to achieve higher yields, including the recycling of unreacted iso-butane and olefins, improving separation and purification steps, and minimizing catalyst deactivation.
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Importance: Higher yield is economically advantageous because it maximizes the efficiency of the alkylation process, reducing waste and maximizing the production of valuable alkylate products. It also helps in meeting production targets and ensuring consistent supply of alkylates for blending into gasoline or other fuel products.
In summary, achieving a higher yield in catalytic alkylation involves optimizing reactor conditions, catalyst performance, and reactant ratios to maximize the conversion of olefins and iso-butane into desired alkylate products, thereby enhancing process efficiency and economic viability.
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ANS:C -
India
India issued a notice seeking modification of the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty (IWT).
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ANS:B - 2
Explanation of the Pattern:
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Row Sum Sequence: The sum of the numbers in each row follows a specific sequence. The sequence given is:
- 5, 10, 15, 20, 15, 10, 5.
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Understanding the Sequence:
- The sequence starts at 5 and increases by 5 until it reaches 20, then decreases back down to 5.
- This forms a symmetrical pattern where the middle row has the highest sum (20), and the sums on either side of the middle row mirror each other.
Applying the Pattern to Solve the Problem:
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Identify the Row Sums: To solve the problem, you would first identify the sum of the numbers in each row.
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Check the Sequence: Compare the sum of each row with the sequence provided (5, 10, 15, 20, 15, 10, 5). The correct row will follow this pattern.
Example to Illustrate:
Suppose you have a series of rows with numbers, and you calculate the sum of each row as follows:
- Row 1: Sum = 5
- Row 2: Sum = 10
- Row 3: Sum = 15
- Row 4: Sum = 20
- Row 5: Sum = 15
- Row 6: Sum = 10
- Row 7: Sum = 5
The sums of these rows match the sequence exactly, so this would be the correct pattern.
Final Answer:
The answer is 2 because the second option correctly follows the pattern where the sum of numbers in each row adheres to the sequence: 5, 10, 15, 20, 15, 10, 5. This sequence is symmetric and ensures that the correct answer is identified based on the given pattern.
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ANS:D - 9
The explanation describes a pattern where, for each triangle, the sum of the two smaller numbers equals the third number. Let's break down how this pattern works and leads to the correct answer.
Explanation of the Pattern:
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Triangle Structure: Each triangle contains three numbers, and the goal is to find the relationship between them.
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Sum Rule: The pattern specifies that the sum of the two smaller numbers in each triangle equals the third number.
- For example, if you have a triangle with numbers 3, 4, and 7:
- The two smaller numbers are 3 and 4.
- Their sum is 3+4=73 + 4 = 73+4=7, which is the third number in the triangle.
Applying the Pattern to Solve the Problem:
Given several triangles with different numbers, you need to check which triangle correctly follows the pattern where:
- The sum of the two smaller numbers equals the third number.
Example:
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Triangle 1: Numbers are 2, 5, and 7.
- Smaller Numbers: 2 and 5
- Sum: 2+5=72 + 5 = 72+5=7 (Matches the third number)
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Triangle 2: Numbers are 3, 6, and 8.
- Smaller Numbers: 3 and 6
- Sum: 3+6=93 + 6 = 93+6=9 (Does not match the third number, which is 8)
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Triangle 3: Numbers are 4, 9, and 13.
- Smaller Numbers: 4 and 9
- Sum: 4+9=134 + 9 = 134+9=13 (Matches the third number)
Conclusion:
Based on this logic, the correct triangle will be the one where the sum of the two smaller numbers equals the third number.
Final Answer:
The answer is 9 because in the triangle associated with option 9, the sum of the two smaller numbers equals the third number, following the pattern described.
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