ANS:D - on columns monolithicaily built with slab

"on columns monolithically built with slab," refers to the construction technique where the columns and the slab are cast together as a single integrated unit. This method is commonly used in the construction of flat slab systems. In this construction approach:

1. Monolithic Construction: The term "monolithic" means that the columns and the slab are poured and cured together as a single, continuous structural element. This ensures a strong and cohesive bond between the columns and the slab, enhancing structural integrity and load transfer efficiency.
2. Direct Support on Columns: Flat slabs are directly supported by the columns without the use of beams or other intermediate structural elements. The load from the slab is transferred directly to the columns, which in turn transmit the loads to the foundation.

This construction method offers several advantages:

• Structural Integrity: Monolithic construction ensures a seamless connection between the slab and the columns, reducing the risk of differential settlement or cracking at the interface.
• Simplified Construction: By eliminating the need for beams or other secondary elements, construction becomes simpler and more straightforward. This can lead to cost savings and faster construction schedules.
• Improved Space Utilization: Flat slabs supported directly on columns provide greater flexibility in floor layout and space utilization compared to systems with beams. This allows for larger uninterrupted floor areas, which can be advantageous for open-plan layouts in commercial and residential buildings.
• Enhanced Structural Performance: Monolithic construction enhances the structural performance of the system by creating a more efficient load transfer mechanism. The direct connection between the slab and the columns improves the distribution of loads and enhances overall stability.

Overall, supporting flat slabs on columns monolithically built with the slab is a common and effective construction technique that combines structural efficiency with simplicity of execution, making it suitable for a wide range of building applications.