Q1: A part of the slab may be considered as the flange of the T-beam if

ANS:D - all the above.

The part of the slab may be considered as the flange of the T-beam if:

1. The flange has adequate reinforcement transverse to the beam: The flange of the T-beam, which is essentially the top portion of the beam, must have sufficient reinforcement to resist bending and shear forces. Adequate transverse reinforcement, such as stirrups or links, ensures the stability and structural integrity of the flange.
2. It is built integrally with the beam: The flange of the T-beam should be constructed as an integral part of the beam, meaning that it is cast together with the beam in a single pour. This integration ensures continuity and uniformity in the structural behavior of the T-beam and helps distribute loads effectively.
3. It is effectively bonded together with the beam: The bond between the flange and the beam is essential for transferring loads and resisting shear forces. Effective bonding ensures that the flange and the beam act together as a single structural unit, enhancing the overall strength and stability of the T-beam.

Therefore, the correct statement is: "All the above." For a part of the slab to be considered as the flange of the T-beam, it must have adequate reinforcement transverse to the beam, be built integrally with the beam, and be effectively bonded together with the beam. These conditions ensure the proper functioning and structural performance of the T-beam.