Q1: A pebble mill

ANS:D - both (b) and (c).

Employing flints or ceramic pebbles as the grinding medium in a pebble mill refers to the use of these materials to facilitate the grinding process within the mill. Here’s an explanation of how this works:

1. Grinding Medium:
   • Traditional ball mills use steel balls as the grinding media to grind materials into fine powders. However, in a pebble mill, the grinding is achieved using flints or ceramic pebbles instead of steel balls.
   • These pebbles are typically round or spherical in shape and are made of durable materials like flint (a type of hard quartz) or ceramic materials such as alumina, zirconia, or steatite.
2. Functionality:
   • The pebbles are placed inside a cylindrical drum or shell, similar to a ball mill.
   • As the drum rotates, the pebbles tumble and cascade over each other and the material being processed (ore, chemicals, etc.) inside the mill.
   • The tumbling action of the pebbles and the material grinds and breaks down the feed material into smaller particles.
   • The hardness and durability of flints or ceramic pebbles ensure efficient grinding and minimal wear compared to steel balls, making them suitable for applications where contamination from metallic grinding media is a concern, such as in the ceramics industry.
3. Advantages:
   • Reduced Contamination: Ceramic pebbles or flints are inert and do not react with most materials, reducing the risk of contamination in sensitive applications.
   • Versatility: Pebble mills can be used for both wet and dry grinding processes, making them versatile in various industrial applications.
   • Lower Maintenance: Ceramic pebbles generally have a longer lifespan and require less frequent replacement compared to steel balls.
4. Applications:
   • Pebble mills are commonly used in industries such as ceramics, mining, and pharmaceuticals for grinding materials into fine powders or slurries.
   • They are particularly suitable for grinding hard materials or materials that need to be ground to very fine sizes without contamination from metallic media.

In summary, employing flints or ceramic pebbles as the grinding medium in a pebble mill offers advantages of reduced contamination, durability, and versatility, making it a preferred choice in industries where product purity and efficiency are critical. A tube mill lined with ceramic or other non-metallic liner refers to a type of grinding mill where the inner surface of the mill cylinder (tube) is lined with a protective layer made of ceramic or other non-metallic materials. Here's a detailed explanation of this setup:

1. Tube Mill Basics:
   • A tube mill is a cylindrical rotating mill that contains a series of grinding media (such as steel balls or rods) inside it.
   • The material to be ground is fed into the mill through one end of the cylinder, and as the mill rotates, the grinding media crush and grind the material into finer particles.
2. Non-Metallic Liner:
   • In some applications, it is desirable to line the inner surface of the tube mill cylinder with a protective material that is non-metallic.
   • Ceramic Liner: Ceramic liners are often used because ceramics are resistant to abrasion, corrosion, and chemical attack. They also provide a smooth surface that reduces friction and wear on the mill cylinder.
   • Other Non-Metallic Liners: Besides ceramics, liners made of materials such as rubber, polyurethane, or composite materials may also be used. These materials offer varying degrees of abrasion resistance and impact absorption.
3. Functionality:
   • The primary function of the ceramic or non-metallic liner is to protect the inner surface of the tube mill from wear caused by the grinding media and the material being ground.
   • It helps to prolong the operational life of the mill by reducing wear and maintenance costs associated with frequent replacement of metallic liners.
   • The smooth surface of the liner also improves the efficiency of the grinding process by reducing energy consumption and improving material flow characteristics.
4. Applications:
   • Tube mills lined with ceramic or non-metallic liners are commonly used in industries such as ceramics, mining, cement production, and chemicals.
   • They are suitable for grinding various materials including minerals, ores, clinker, and other materials that require fine grinding.
5. Advantages:
   • Reduced Wear: Non-metallic liners offer superior wear resistance compared to traditional metallic liners.
   • Corrosion Resistance: Ceramic liners are resistant to chemical attack and corrosion, making them suitable for processing corrosive materials.
   • Improved Efficiency: The smooth and abrasion-resistant surface of the liner improves grinding efficiency and reduces power consumption.

In summary, a tube mill lined with ceramic or other non-metallic liner enhances the performance and durability of the mill by protecting its inner surface from wear and corrosion, thereby optimizing the grinding process in various industrial applications. A pebble mill employs flints or ceramic pebbles as the grinding medium. Here’s why:

1. Definition of Pebble Mill:
   • A pebble mill is a type of ball mill where flints or ceramic pebbles are used as the grinding media.
   • It operates similarly to a ball mill, where the grinding media (pebbles) are placed into the rotating drum which then tumbles the material, thereby grinding it down into a finer powder.
2. Characteristics:
   • Grinding Medium: Unlike traditional ball mills that use steel balls as grinding media, pebble mills use flints or ceramic pebbles.
   • Application: Pebble mills are often used in industries where contamination from metal grinding media is undesirable, such as in the ceramic industry or for grinding ores where metallic contamination must be avoided.
3. Options Provided:
   • (a) is a ball mill: This is incorrect because a pebble mill is a type of ball mill but with a specific type of grinding media.
   • (b) employs flints or ceramic pebbles as the grinding medium: This correctly describes the function of a pebble mill.
   • (c) is a tube mill lined with ceramic or other non-metallic liner: This describes a different type of mill, not a pebble mill.
   • (d) both (b) and (c): This option is incorrect because option (c) does not accurately describe a pebble mill.

Therefore, the correct answer is (b) employs flints or ceramic pebbles as the grinding medium.