Q1: A reduction process is accompanied with increase in the

ANS:A - number of electrons.

A reduction process is accompanied by an increase in the number of electrons and a decrease in the oxidation number. Therefore, the correct answer is both (a) & (b). Explanation:

1. Increase in the Number of Electrons: In a reduction reaction, a species gains electrons, which leads to an increase in the number of electrons associated with that species. Electrons are gained from another reactant undergoing oxidation. The reduction half-reaction involves the addition of electrons to the reactant, resulting in a decrease in its oxidation state.
2. Decrease in Oxidation Number: The oxidation number (or oxidation state) of an atom is a measure of the degree of oxidation of that atom in a chemical compound. In a reduction reaction, the oxidation number of the species being reduced decreases. This decrease occurs because the species gains electrons, which reduces its oxidation state.

In a chemical reaction, the number of electrons refers to the quantity of electrons gained or lost by atoms or ions as they undergo a change in oxidation state. Understanding the change in the number of electrons is crucial for identifying reduction and oxidation processes in redox reactions. Here's an explanation of the concept of number of electrons in the context of redox reactions:

1. Redox Reactions: Redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reactants. One reactant undergoes oxidation (loses electrons), while another reactant undergoes reduction (gains electrons).
2. Oxidation: In an oxidation reaction, an atom or ion loses electrons, resulting in an increase in its oxidation state. The number of electrons lost during oxidation is equal to the increase in the oxidation state of the atom or ion.
3. Reduction: In a reduction reaction, an atom or ion gains electrons, leading to a decrease in its oxidation state. The number of electrons gained during reduction is equal to the decrease in the oxidation state of the atom or ion.
4. Balancing Redox Reactions: Balancing redox reactions involves ensuring that the total number of electrons lost in oxidation is equal to the total number of electrons gained in reduction. This balancing ensures that charge is conserved throughout the reaction.
5. Electron Transfer: The transfer of electrons between reactants allows for the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy. This property is exploited in various applications, including batteries, fuel cells, and corrosion processes.
6. Electron Configuration: The number of electrons gained or lost by an atom or ion affects its electron configuration, determining its chemical properties and reactivity.

Overall, the concept of number of electrons is fundamental to understanding redox reactions and their role in chemical transformations, energy conversion, and various industrial processes.

Therefore, during a reduction process, both the number of electrons increases and the oxidation number decreases, leading to the reduction of the species involved.