Q1: An example of a buffer solution is

ANS:C - human blood

Human blood is a complex bodily fluid that plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis, transporting essential substances, and supporting various physiological functions in the body. Here's an explanation of human blood and its components:

1. Composition: Human blood is composed of cells suspended in a liquid called plasma. The main components of blood include:
   • Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes): These cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and transport carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation.
   • White Blood Cells (Leukocytes): These cells are part of the immune system and help defend the body against infections and foreign invaders.
   • Platelets (Thrombocytes): These cell fragments are involved in blood clotting and help prevent excessive bleeding when blood vessels are damaged.
   • Plasma: This liquid component of blood is primarily composed of water, electrolytes, proteins (such as albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen), hormones, nutrients, waste products, and gases (such as oxygen and carbon dioxide).
2. Function:
   • Transportation: Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body, delivering essential substances to cells and tissues and removing metabolic waste.
   • Regulation: Blood helps regulate body temperature, pH balance, and fluid balance within the body.
   • Immunity: White blood cells and antibodies in blood play a crucial role in the body's immune response, defending against infections and diseases.
   • Clotting: Platelets and clotting factors in blood help form blood clots to prevent excessive bleeding and facilitate wound healing.
   • Homeostasis: Blood helps maintain the stability of internal conditions within the body, known as homeostasis, by transporting substances and regulating physiological processes.
3. pH Regulation: Human blood contains buffers, such as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and carbonic acid (H2CO3), which help regulate the pH of the blood. These buffers resist changes in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen ions (H+) in response to acidic or alkaline substances, helping to maintain the blood's pH within a narrow range (typically around 7.35 to 7.45).

In summary, human blood is a vital bodily fluid composed of cells and plasma, which serves various functions including transportation, immunity, clotting, and pH regulation. Its complex composition and regulatory mechanisms are essential for supporting overall health and physiological functioning in the body.