Q1: Antibiotics are best handled in a

ANS:A - Podbielniak extractor.

The Podbielniak extractor, also known as the Podbielniak column, is a type of liquid-liquid extraction equipment used for the separation of two immiscible liquids or for liquid purification processes. It was invented by the Polish-American engineer Zygmunt J. F. Podbielniak. The design of the Podbielniak extractor consists of a vertically oriented column with multiple stages or "disks" arranged along its length. Each disk consists of two vertically stacked perforated plates with holes of decreasing size from top to bottom. The liquid mixture to be separated or purified is introduced into the top of the column, while the solvent or extracting agent is introduced at the bottom. As the mixture flows downward through the column, the perforated plates on each stage create a series of liquid-liquid contact zones. The immiscible liquids come into contact and undergo mass transfer across the perforated plates. This allows for the selective extraction or purification of desired components from the original mixture into the solvent phase. The extracted or purified liquid collects at the bottom of the column and is removed from the system, while the remaining liquid mixture exits the top of the column. The efficiency of the extraction process in a Podbielniak extractor depends on factors such as the design of the column, the properties of the liquids involved, and the operating conditions. Podbielniak extractors are commonly used in industries such as pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and food processing for applications such as solvent extraction, purification of organic compounds, and separation of valuable products from process streams. They offer advantages such as high efficiency, compact design, and scalability for industrial-scale operations.