Q1: Colligative properties of a dilute solution are those, which depend entirely upon the

ANS:B - constitution of the solute.

The term "constitution of the solute" typically refers to the chemical composition and arrangement of atoms within a solute molecule. In a solution, the solute is the substance that is dissolved in another substance, called the solvent. Understanding the constitution of the solute is crucial in understanding its behavior in solution, including its solubility, reactivity, and various other properties. Here's a breakdown of what constitutes the constitution of a solute:

1. Chemical Composition: This refers to the types of atoms present in the solute molecule and their arrangement. For example, if the solute is glucose, its chemical composition would be C6H12O6, indicating that it consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a specific ratio.
2. Functional Groups: These are specific arrangements of atoms within the molecule that determine the solute's chemical properties. Functional groups impart certain reactivity and characteristics to the molecule. For instance, in organic compounds, functional groups like hydroxyl (-OH), carbonyl (C=O), and amino (-NH2) groups play significant roles in determining the solute's behavior.
3. Isomerism: Solute molecules may exist in different forms known as isomers, which have the same chemical formula but differ in the arrangement of atoms. Isomerism can affect the solute's properties, such as its solubility and biological activity. For example, glucose and fructose both have the same chemical formula (C6H12O6) but differ in their structural arrangements, leading to differences in their properties.
4. Stereochemistry: This aspect deals with the spatial arrangement of atoms within the molecule, particularly concerning the arrangement of atoms in three-dimensional space. Stereochemistry can profoundly influence the solute's properties, such as its interactions with other molecules and its biological activity. Stereoisomers, such as enantiomers and diastereomers, arise due to differences in the spatial arrangement of atoms.
5. Functional Connectivity: It refers to how atoms within the molecule are connected to each other. Different arrangements of bonds can result in different properties. For example, in organic chemistry, the presence of double or triple bonds, aromatic rings, and branching in the carbon backbone can significantly influence the solute's behavior.

Understanding the constitution of the solute is essential not only for predicting its behavior in solution but also for designing and synthesizing new molecules with desired properties for various applications, such as drug design, materials science, and environmental chemistry.