Q1: Conversion of yellow phosphorus to red phosphorous is done in retorts at 250-450°C in the

ANS:C - absence of air.

The conversion of yellow phosphorus to red phosphorus is typically done in retorts at 250-450°C in the absence of air. This process is carried out under controlled conditions to prevent the combustion of yellow phosphorus, which is highly reactive and flammable in the presence of oxygen. By excluding air (oxygen) from the reaction environment, the risk of fire or explosion is minimized, and the conversion can proceed smoothly. Instead, an inert atmosphere, such as nitrogen or argon, is often used to maintain an oxygen-free environment and ensure safe handling of the reactive phosphorus material. This allows for the controlled transformation of yellow phosphorus into the more stable and less reactive form known as red phosphorus. The phrase "absence of air" refers to a condition where there is no oxygen present in the surrounding environment. Oxygen is a vital component of air and plays a crucial role in combustion and oxidation reactions. In the context of chemical processes, including the conversion of yellow phosphorus to red phosphorus, maintaining an environment devoid of oxygen is essential for several reasons:

1. Prevention of Combustion: Yellow phosphorus is highly reactive and combustible when exposed to air. In the presence of oxygen, it can ignite spontaneously, leading to a fire or explosion. Therefore, by excluding air from the reaction environment, the risk of combustion and associated hazards is significantly reduced.
2. Controlled Chemical Reactions: Many chemical processes, including the conversion of yellow phosphorus to red phosphorus, require precise control over reaction conditions to achieve the desired outcome. The absence of oxygen ensures that unwanted side reactions, such as combustion or oxidation of the reactants, do not occur, allowing for the controlled transformation of yellow phosphorus into red phosphorus.
3. Protection of Reactive Materials: Reactive substances like yellow phosphorus are often sensitive to oxidation and can degrade or undergo undesired chemical changes when exposed to air. Maintaining an oxygen-free environment helps protect these materials from oxidation and ensures their stability and integrity during processing.
4. Safety: Working in an oxygen-free environment reduces the risk of fire, explosion, and other safety hazards associated with reactive materials and chemical reactions. It provides a safer working environment for operators and minimizes the potential for accidents or incidents.

In summary, ensuring the absence of air is critical for conducting chemical processes involving reactive materials like yellow phosphorus safely and effectively. By creating an oxygen-free environment, the desired chemical transformations can proceed under controlled conditions, leading to the successful synthesis of red phosphorus without the risk of combustion or other undesirable reactions.