Q1: Dryness factor of steam is defined as the ratio of the mass of vapor in the mixture to the mass of the mixture. Dryness factor of steam is measured by a __________ calorimeter.

ANS:B - throttling

Dryness factor of steam is measured by a throttling calorimeter. Explanation:

1. Definition of Dryness Factor: Dryness factor, also known as quality or dryness fraction, is a measure of the proportion of vapor (dry steam) present in a steam-water mixture. It represents the ratio of the mass of vapor in the mixture to the total mass of the mixture.
2. Measurement Method: Throttling calorimeters are commonly used to determine the dryness factor of steam. In a throttling calorimeter, a steam-water mixture is passed through a small orifice or throttle valve at constant pressure and reduced temperature. As the mixture expands through the valve, it undergoes adiabatic throttling, resulting in a decrease in temperature and pressure.
3. Phase Change: During the throttling process, the steam undergoes partial vaporization, with some of the liquid water vaporizing to form additional steam. The degree of vaporization depends on the initial quality of the steam-water mixture.
4. Measurement Principle: By measuring the temperature and pressure of the steam-water mixture before and after throttling, and using steam tables or thermodynamic equations, the dryness factor of the steam can be calculated.
5. Other Calorimeter Types: While throttling calorimeters are commonly used for dryness factor measurement, other types of calorimeters, such as separating and total heat of wet steam calorimeters, can also be used depending on the specific application and accuracy requirements.