Q1: Electrolytes conduct electric current by

ANS:A - the movement of ions.

The movement of ions refers to the migration of charged particles called ions through a medium, such as an electrolyte solution or an ion-conducting material. Ions are atoms or molecules that have gained or lost one or more electrons, resulting in a net positive or negative charge. Here's a detailed explanation of the movement of ions:

1. Dissociation in Solution: In an electrolyte solution, such as a salt dissolved in water, the solute (e.g., salt) dissociates into positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions). For example, when table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) dissolves in water, it dissociates into sodium ions (Na⁺) and chloride ions (Cl⁻). This dissociation occurs due to the attraction between the ions and the polar water molecules.
2. Electrochemical Cell: When an electric potential (voltage) is applied across the electrolyte solution, such as in an electrochemical cell or a battery, the ions in the solution experience an electrostatic force. Positively charged ions (cations) are attracted towards the negative electrode (cathode), while negatively charged ions (anions) are attracted towards the positive electrode (anode).
3. Migration of Ions: Under the influence of the electric field created by the applied voltage, the ions move through the solution towards their respective electrodes. This movement of ions is known as migration. Cations move towards the cathode, while anions move towards the anode. The rate of ion migration depends on factors such as the charge and size of the ions, the concentration of ions in the solution, and the magnitude of the applied voltage.
4. Conduction of Electric Current: As the ions migrate through the electrolyte solution, they carry electric charge with them. This movement of charged particles constitutes an electric current. The flow of current through the electrolyte is facilitated by the movement of ions and is responsible for various electrochemical processes, such as battery discharge, electroplating, and electrolysis.
5. Applications: The movement of ions plays a crucial role in numerous technological applications, including batteries, fuel cells, electroplating, electrolysis, and ion-exchange processes. Understanding and controlling ion migration is essential for optimizing the performance and efficiency of these devices and processes.

In summary, the movement of ions involves the migration of charged particles through an electrolyte solution under the influence of an applied electric field. This phenomenon is fundamental to the conduction of electric current in electrolytes and underpins various electrochemical processes and technologies.