Q1: Extraction of pencillin employs a __________ extraction coloumn.

ANS:A - centrifugal

Centrifugal extraction, also known as liquid-liquid centrifugation or centrifugal separation, is a process used to separate immiscible liquids based on their differences in density. It relies on the application of centrifugal force to accelerate the separation of the phases. Here's how centrifugal extraction typically works:

1. Introduction of the Mixture: The mixture of immiscible liquids is introduced into a centrifuge, which is a rotating vessel designed to generate centrifugal force.
2. Centrifugation: The centrifuge is spun at high speeds, causing the liquids to separate into distinct layers based on their densities. The heavier phase (higher density) moves outward towards the periphery of the centrifuge rotor, while the lighter phase (lower density) moves towards the center.
3. Phase Separation: As the centrifuge continues to rotate, the two phases are effectively separated into layers. The interface between the phases becomes well-defined due to the centrifugal force acting on the system.
4. Collection: Once the separation is complete, the layers can be easily collected from their respective positions within the centrifuge vessel. This collected material may undergo further processing or analysis depending on the application.

Centrifugal extraction is commonly used in various industries for tasks such as:

• Separation of immiscible liquids, such as oil-water separation in wastewater treatment.
• Extraction of valuable compounds from organic solutions, such as separating organic solvents from reaction mixtures in chemical synthesis.
• Purification of biological samples, such as isolating DNA or proteins from cell lysates.
• Concentration of suspensions or emulsions by removing the dispersed phase.

Overall, centrifugal extraction offers a rapid and efficient method for separating immiscible liquids based on their densities, making it a valuable tool in many industrial and laboratory applications.