ANS:A - ammoniacal liquor

Ammoniacal liquor, also known as ammoniacal liquor or ammonium liquor, is a solution containing ammonia (NH3) dissolved in water (H2O). It is commonly produced as a byproduct in various industrial processes, including coke production in coke oven plants. Here are some key points about ammoniacal liquor:

1. Formation: Ammoniacal liquor is formed during the process of flushing or cooling coke oven gas. Coke oven gas, which is produced during the carbonization of coal in coke ovens, contains various impurities, including ammonia (NH3). To remove these impurities and cool the gas, it is passed through a scrubber or washer, where water is sprayed or circulated. The water absorbs the ammonia and other impurities, resulting in the formation of ammoniacal liquor.
2. Composition: Ammoniacal liquor typically contains ammonia dissolved in water, along with small amounts of other dissolved gases and impurities present in coke oven gas. The concentration of ammonia in the liquor can vary depending on factors such as the temperature and pressure of the gas, the efficiency of the scrubbing process, and the specific composition of the coke being processed.
3. Uses: Ammoniacal liquor has various industrial applications due to its ammonia content. It can be used as a source of ammonia for the production of fertilizers, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Ammonia is a versatile compound with numerous uses, including as a nitrogen fertilizer, a precursor in the synthesis of various organic compounds, and a cleaning agent in household and industrial applications.
4. Treatment: Ammoniacal liquor may undergo treatment processes to remove impurities and adjust its composition for specific applications. For example, it may be subjected to distillation or stripping to concentrate the ammonia content or remove other dissolved gases. Treatment methods such as neutralization, oxidation, or precipitation may also be employed to remove contaminants and improve the quality of the liquor.
5. Environmental Considerations: Ammoniacal liquor can pose environmental challenges if not properly managed. Discharges of untreated or improperly treated ammoniacal liquor can lead to water pollution and ecosystem damage due to the presence of ammonia and other contaminants. Therefore, industries that produce ammoniacal liquor typically implement measures to minimize environmental impacts, such as wastewater treatment and compliance with regulatory standards.