Q1: For a fixed cross-sectional area, the most economical channel section has maximum

ANS:B - fluid discharge rate.

Fluid discharge rate, also known as flow rate or volumetric flow rate, refers to the volume of fluid that passes through a given cross-sectional area per unit of time. It is a fundamental parameter in fluid dynamics and is commonly denoted by the symbol Q. Here's an explanation of fluid discharge rate:

1. Definition: Fluid discharge rate is defined as the volume of fluid (liquid or gas) that flows through a specific point or cross-sectional area in a system over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed in units such as cubic meters per second (m³/s), liters per minute (L/min), or cubic feet per second (ft³/s).
2. Mathematical Representation: The fluid discharge rate (Q) can be calculated using the formula: Q=A⋅V Where:
   • Q = Fluid discharge rate (volume per unit time)
   • A = Cross-sectional area through which the fluid flows
   • V = Fluid velocity perpendicular to the cross-sectional area
3. Physical Interpretation: The fluid discharge rate represents the rate at which fluid is transported through a system. It is influenced by factors such as the size and shape of the conduit or channel, the velocity and viscosity of the fluid, and the pressure and temperature conditions. Higher fluid velocities or larger cross-sectional areas typically result in higher discharge rates.
4. Importance: Fluid discharge rate is a critical parameter in various engineering applications, including hydraulics, environmental engineering, chemical processing, and HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems. It is used to characterize and analyze fluid flow behavior, design and optimize fluid transport systems, assess hydraulic performance, and ensure compliance with regulatory requirements.
5. Measurement: Fluid discharge rate can be measured directly using flow meters, which are devices designed to quantify the rate of fluid flow in a conduit or channel. Various types of flow meters, such as orifice meters, venturi meters, ultrasonic flow meters, and electromagnetic flow meters, are available for different applications and flow conditions.

In summary, fluid discharge rate is a fundamental parameter in fluid dynamics that quantifies the volume of fluid passing through a specific point or cross-sectional area per unit of time. It plays a crucial role in engineering design, analysis, and operation of fluid transport systems across a wide range of industries and applications.