Q1: Fouling factor

ANS:C - accounts for additional resistances to heat flow.

The statement "Fouling factor accounts for additional resistances to heat flow." is correct. Explanation:

• Fouling factor: Fouling factor is a term used in heat transfer engineering to account for the additional resistance to heat flow caused by fouling or the accumulation of deposits on heat transfer surfaces. These deposits can reduce the efficiency of heat exchangers and other heat transfer equipment. Fouling factor is typically expressed in units of area per unit temperature difference (m²·K/W) and is used to adjust heat transfer calculations to account for the reduced heat transfer capability due to fouling.

• Fouling factor is not necessarily dimensionless; it is typically expressed in units of area per unit temperature difference.
• Fouling factor does provide a safety factor for design by accounting for potential reductions in heat transfer efficiency due to fouling. Incorporating fouling factors in design calculations helps ensure that heat exchangers and other equipment perform adequately over their operational lifetimes.