Q1: If a heat transfer surface is pock-marked with a number of cavities, then as compared to a smooth surface the heat transfer by __________ will not increase.

ANS:A - convection

Convection is a mode of heat transfer that involves the movement of fluid (either liquid or gas) to transfer heat from one place to another. This movement of fluid occurs due to the combined effects of buoyancy forces and temperature gradients within the fluid. There are two main types of convection:

1. Natural Convection: Natural convection occurs when fluid motion is driven solely by density differences resulting from temperature variations in the fluid. When a fluid is heated, it becomes less dense and tends to rise, while cooler, denser fluid sinks. This creates circulation patterns known as convection currents. An example of natural convection is the rising of warm air near a heat source, such as a radiator, and the sinking of cooler air in the surrounding area.
2. Forced Convection: Forced convection involves fluid motion that is driven by an external force, such as a fan, pump, or stirring mechanism. In forced convection, the fluid is actively circulated or propelled through a system, enhancing heat transfer rates compared to natural convection alone. Forced convection is commonly used in various engineering applications, such as cooling systems in automobiles, heat exchangers, and HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems.

The process of convection plays a crucial role in many natural phenomena and engineering applications, including:

• Weather: Convection in the Earth's atmosphere is responsible for the formation of clouds, thunderstorms, and weather patterns. Warm air rises, cools as it ascends, and then descends, creating atmospheric circulation and redistributing heat.
• Ocean Currents: Convection currents in the oceans contribute to the distribution of heat around the globe. Warm surface waters near the equator flow towards the poles, while cooler, denser water from polar regions sinks and returns towards the equator.
• Cooking: Convection is involved in cooking processes such as boiling, baking, and frying. Heat is transferred from the heat source to the food through convection currents in liquids or gases.
• Heat Transfer in Engineering: Convection is utilized in various engineering applications to enhance heat transfer rates. Heat exchangers, cooling systems, and HVAC systems rely on convection to remove heat from surfaces and transfer it to the surrounding fluid.

Overall, convection is an important mechanism of heat transfer that plays a significant role in both natural phenomena and engineering systems.