Q1: If p₁ and P₂ are effective lateral loadings at the bottom and top exerted by a level earth subjected to a superload on the vertical face of height h of a retaining wall, the horizontal pressure p per unit length of the wall, is

ANS:C -

The lateral pressure p per unit length of a retaining wall due to a level earth subjected to superload can be calculated using the Rankine's theory of earth pressure. This theory assumes that the soil behaves as a granular mass with cohesion neglected, and it provides an estimate of the lateral pressure exerted by the soil on the retaining wall. According to Rankine's theory, the lateral pressure p per unit length of the wall is given by: p=1/2​γh(1+sinβ) Where:

• γ = unit weight of the soil
• ℎh = height of the wall
• β = angle of repose of the soil (angle of the natural slope of the soil)

This equation accounts for both the active and passive earth pressures acting on the retaining wall. p1​ and p2​ represent the effective lateral loadings at the bottom and top of the wall, respectively, and they depend on factors such as soil properties, wall geometry, and applied loads. Therefore, the horizontal pressure p per unit length of the wall is determined by the soil properties (unit weight and angle of repose) and the height of the wall. The values of p1​ and p2​ are typically considered in the analysis to determine the overall stability and design of the retaining wall under lateral soil pressure.