Q1: If the width of the foundation for two equal columns is restricted, the shape of the footing generally adopted, is

ANS:B - rectangular

If the width of the foundation for two equal columns is restricted, the shape of the footing generally adopted is rectangular. When the width of the foundation is limited, such as when columns are closely spaced or when there are property line restrictions, a rectangular footing allows for efficient use of space while providing adequate bearing capacity to support the columns and transfer the loads to the soil beneath. A rectangular footing offers several advantages in such situations:

1. Space Efficiency: Rectangular footings can accommodate the required bearing area for each column while minimizing the overall footprint of the foundation. This is especially useful in constrained environments where space is limited.
2. Uniform Load Distribution: Rectangular footings distribute the loads from the columns more uniformly over the soil beneath, reducing the risk of differential settlement and ensuring stable support for the structure.
3. Ease of Construction: Rectangular footings are relatively simple to design and construct, making them cost-effective and practical for a wide range of building projects.
4. Flexibility in Design: Rectangular footings can be easily adapted to suit various site conditions and load requirements. Design parameters such as depth, width, and reinforcement can be adjusted to optimize the performance of the foundation.