Q1: In pipe lines, a surge tank is provided

ANS:A - to relieve the pressure due to water hammer

In pipeline systems, a surge tank is provided primarily for the purpose of relieving the pressure due to water hammer. Water hammer is a phenomenon that occurs when the flow of water in a pipe is suddenly interrupted or changed, causing a pressure surge or shock wave within the pipe. This pressure surge can lead to potential damage to the pipeline system, including pipe ruptures, valve damage, and other structural issues. A surge tank acts as a buffer or pressure relief device to absorb the excess pressure generated by water hammer events. When a surge occurs, the surge tank temporarily stores the excess water, preventing pressure spikes from damaging the pipeline system. Once the pressure returns to normal, the water in the surge tank is slowly released back into the pipeline. While surge tanks may indirectly help provide additional water head or mitigate overflow in certain situations, their primary purpose is to address the effects of water hammer by relieving pressure surges within the pipeline system. They do not typically remove frictional losses in pipes, which is often addressed through other means such as pump systems or pipe design considerations.