Q1: Isotropic materials have the same __________ in all directions.

ANS:C - elastic properties

Elastic properties refer to the mechanical characteristics of a material under the influence of an applied force, specifically its response to deformation. These properties include:

1. Young's Modulus (Modulus of Elasticity): This represents the stiffness of a material and describes how much it deforms under a given force. It quantifies the material's resistance to elastic deformation along an axis when stress is applied.
2. Shear Modulus (Modulus of Rigidity): This measures the material's resistance to shear deformation when a force is applied parallel to one face of a material and causes displacement parallel to the opposite face.
3. Bulk Modulus: This characterizes a material's response to uniform compression or expansion. It measures the resistance of a material to change in volume under pressure.
4. Poisson's Ratio: This represents the ratio of lateral strain to axial strain when a material is stretched or compressed. It indicates how a material deforms in response to stress.

These elastic properties determine how a material responds to mechanical loading and how it returns to its original shape after the load is removed. Materials with isotropic elastic properties behave the same way in all directions, while anisotropic materials have different elastic properties depending on the direction of the applied force.