Q1: Lead is poured into the joints between two __________ pipes.

ANS:A - cast iron

Cast iron is a group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content greater than 2%. It is one of the oldest and most versatile materials used in engineering and construction due to its excellent properties. Here's an explanation of cast iron:

1. Composition: Cast iron primarily consists of iron (Fe) and carbon (C), with carbon content typically ranging from 2% to 4%. Other alloying elements such as silicon (Si), manganese (Mn), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P) are also present in varying amounts.
2. Manufacturing Process: Cast iron is produced by melting iron along with the desired alloying elements in a furnace and then pouring the molten metal into molds to solidify. The cooling rate during solidification affects the microstructure and properties of the cast iron.
3. Types of Cast Iron:
   • Gray Cast Iron: This is the most common type of cast iron. It contains graphite flakes dispersed throughout the metal matrix, giving it its characteristic gray appearance. Gray cast iron exhibits good machinability, damping capacity, and thermal conductivity.
   • White Cast Iron: White cast iron has a high carbon content and lacks graphite. It has a white, crystalline fracture surface. While it is hard and wear-resistant, it is brittle and difficult to machine.
   • Ductile Cast Iron (Nodular Cast Iron): Ductile cast iron contains graphite nodules, which provide improved ductility and toughness compared to gray cast iron. This type of cast iron has excellent strength, impact resistance, and fatigue properties.
   • Malleable Cast Iron: Malleable cast iron is heat-treated to convert the carbon in the form of graphite nodules into a more ductile form called temper carbon. This process imparts improved ductility and machinability to the material.
   • Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI): CGI is a type of cast iron with a microstructure between gray and ductile cast iron. It has graphite in compacted, interconnected forms, offering a balance of strength, ductility, and thermal conductivity.
4. Properties:
   • High Strength: Cast iron possesses high compressive strength, making it suitable for applications where strength under compression is important.
   • Good Wear Resistance: Certain types of cast iron, such as white cast iron, exhibit excellent wear resistance, making them suitable for applications involving abrasive wear.
   • Good Machinability: Gray cast iron is easy to machine due to the presence of graphite flakes, which act as lubricants during machining.
   • Excellent Damping Capacity: Cast iron has a high damping capacity, meaning it can absorb and dissipate vibrations, making it useful for applications where vibration damping is required.
   • Thermal Conductivity: Cast iron has moderate to high thermal conductivity, allowing it to efficiently conduct and distribute heat.