ANS:A - saponification

Saponification is a chemical reaction in which ester bonds in fats or oils react with a strong alkali, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH), to produce glycerol and soap. This reaction is commonly used in the production of soap from fats and oils. The general chemical equation for saponification is: Fat (or oil)+Alkali→Glycerol+SoapFat (or oil)+Alkali→Glycerol+Soap In this reaction, the ester bonds in the fat or oil are hydrolyzed by the alkali, resulting in the formation of glycerol (also known as glycerin) and soap molecules. The soap molecules have a hydrophilic (water-attracting) end and a hydrophobic (water-repelling) end, allowing them to emulsify oils and dirt in water, making them easier to wash away. Saponification is a key process in the soap-making industry and is also used in various other applications, such as the production of biodiesel fuel from vegetable oils.