Q1: Number of electrons in the outermost shell of a semi-conductor material is

ANS:D - 8

the confusion, but semiconductors typically do not have 8 electrons in their outermost shell. Materials with 8 electrons in their outermost shell belong to group 18 of the periodic table, known as the noble gases. These elements are chemically inert and do not readily form bonds with other atoms. Semiconductor materials, such as silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge), belong to group 14 of the periodic table. They have 4 electrons in their outermost shell. These materials are known as tetravalent because they can form four covalent bonds with neighboring atoms. The 4 electrons in the outermost shell of semiconductor materials play a crucial role in their electronic properties, particularly in the formation of covalent bonds within the crystal lattice structure. This bonding behavior allows semiconductors to exhibit unique electrical conductivity properties, making them essential components in various electronic devices. In summary, while some elements have 8 electrons in their outermost shell, semiconductor materials typically have 4 electrons in their outermost shell, contributing to their characteristic electronic properties and applications in electronics.