Q1: Stainless steel is welded with difficulty because of

ANS:C - oxide film formation.

Oxide film formation occurs when stainless steel is exposed to elevated temperatures during welding. Stainless steel contains chromium, which has a high affinity for oxygen. When the metal is heated, chromium reacts with oxygen in the air to form a thin layer of chromium oxide on its surface. This chromium oxide layer is generally protective and contributes to the stainless steel's corrosion resistance by acting as a barrier between the metal and the surrounding environment. However, during welding, the high temperatures and intense heat can cause the rapid formation of this oxide layer. The formation of the oxide film can present challenges during welding for several reasons:

1. Interference with Welding Process: The oxide film can interfere with the flow of the molten metal during welding, affecting the weld bead's shape and penetration. It may also impede the fusion between the base metal and the filler material, resulting in a weaker weld.
2. Porosity and Inclusions: If the oxide film is not adequately removed or disrupted during welding, it can trap gases such as nitrogen and hydrogen, leading to the formation of porosity in the weld. Additionally, inclusions of the oxide film within the weld can weaken its mechanical properties.
3. Reduced Corrosion Resistance: In some cases, if the oxide film is not properly managed, it can compromise the stainless steel's corrosion resistance. This can occur if the oxide layer becomes thick or if it contains defects that allow corrosive agents to penetrate the metal surface.

To mitigate the effects of oxide film formation during welding, various techniques are employed, such as using protective shielding gases, employing proper welding procedures to minimize heat input, pre-cleaning the surfaces to remove contaminants, and using appropriate welding parameters to ensure proper fusion and penetration while minimizing the formation of excessive oxides. Additionally, post-weld treatments like pickling or passivation may be used to remove any oxide layers formed during welding and restore the stainless steel's corrosion resistance.