Q1: Steel & cast iron pipes are produced by __________ casting.

ANS:D - true centrifugal

Steel and cast iron pipes are commonly produced by true centrifugal casting. Explanation:

1. True Centrifugal Casting: In true centrifugal casting, molten metal is poured into a rotating mold. As the mold spins at high speeds, centrifugal force pushes the molten metal against the inner surface of the mold. This centrifugal force helps to distribute the metal evenly along the mold's walls, resulting in pipes with uniform thickness and properties.
2. Process: The process begins with a hollow, cylindrical mold mounted on a spinning axis. Molten metal is poured into the mold cavity while the mold rotates rapidly. As the mold spins, centrifugal force forces the molten metal to spread evenly along the inner surface of the mold. The metal gradually solidifies as it cools, forming a solid pipe with a consistent thickness.
3. Advantages: True centrifugal casting offers several advantages for producing pipes:
   • Uniformity: The centrifugal force ensures uniform distribution of metal, resulting in pipes with consistent thickness and properties.
   • High Quality: The controlled cooling process and absence of internal voids or defects contribute to the high quality of the finished pipes.
   • Versatility: True centrifugal casting can produce pipes of various sizes and lengths, making it suitable for a wide range of applications.
   • Cost-Effectiveness: The process is relatively efficient and requires minimal post-processing, reducing production costs.
4. Applications: True centrifugal casting is commonly used for producing steel and cast iron pipes used in various industries, including plumbing, construction, and infrastructure. These pipes are used for conveying fluids, gases, and solids in different environments.