Q1: The area of the concrete in compression plus the area of reinforcement transferred on the basis of modular ratio, is called

ANS:C - cracked section

@All.

It is based on the assumption that only the steel takes the tension and concrete takes compression.

So in the tension zone i.e, below Neutral Axis Concrete does not take tension therefore it cracks. That's why this section is called as Cracked Section.

In the cracked section (in singly reinforced beams) the total area of the section in terms of the concrete is Area of Concrete in Compression + Area of steel in terms of Concrete.