Q1: The friction factor for the turbulent fluid flow in a rough pipe does not depend upon the

ANS:D - both 'b' & 'c'.

The statement "both 'b' & 'c'" refers to fluid velocity and the type of flowing fluid.

1. Fluid Velocity (b): The friction factor for turbulent flow in a rough pipe does depend on fluid velocity. In turbulent flow, the friction factor is influenced by the Reynolds number, which is directly proportional to fluid velocity. As fluid velocity increases, the Reynolds number increases, leading to changes in the flow regime and affecting the friction factor. Higher fluid velocities can result in higher turbulent intensity and increased momentum transfer, impacting the frictional resistance experienced by the fluid.
2. Type of Flowing Fluid (c): The friction factor for turbulent flow in a rough pipe does not depend on the type of flowing fluid. In fully developed turbulent flow, the characteristics of the flow, such as Reynolds number and relative roughness, primarily influence the friction factor. While different fluids may have different viscosities and densities, which can affect the Reynolds number, the friction factor itself is determined by the flow regime and pipe characteristics rather than the specific properties of the fluid. Therefore, the type of flowing fluid does not directly influence the friction factor in turbulent flow.

In summary, both fluid velocity (b) and the type of flowing fluid (c) play roles in fluid dynamics, but only fluid velocity directly influences the friction factor for turbulent flow in a rough pipe. The type of flowing fluid does not directly affect the friction factor in this context.