Q1: The load stress of a section can be reduced by

ANS:C - replacing larger bars by greater number of small bars

1. Improved Distribution of Reinforcement: Increasing the number of smaller bars within a section improves the distribution of reinforcement throughout the section. This helps to distribute the applied loads more evenly across the section, reducing stress concentrations and minimizing the risk of localized failure.
2. Increased Surface Area: Smaller bars typically have a greater surface area compared to larger bars of equivalent cross-sectional area. This increased surface area enhances the bond between the steel reinforcement and the surrounding concrete, improving the load transfer mechanism and reducing the potential for bond failure.
3. Flexibility in Detailing: Using smaller bars allows for greater flexibility in detailing and construction practices. It enables engineers to design more intricate reinforcement layouts tailored to specific loading conditions and structural requirements. This can lead to more efficient use of reinforcement and improved structural performance.
4. Ease of Installation: Smaller bars are often easier to handle, fabricate, and install compared to larger bars. This can result in cost savings and improved construction efficiency, especially in projects with complex geometries or tight construction spaces.
5. Reduced Risk of Congestion: Increasing the number of smaller bars reduces the risk of congestion within the section, where closely spaced bars may inhibit proper concrete compaction and lead to voids or weak zones. By distributing the reinforcement more evenly, the risk of construction defects and structural deficiencies is minimized.