Q1: The primary strengthening mechanism in 70 : 30 brass is the

ANS:A - solid solution strengthening.

Solid solution strengthening is a mechanism used to strengthen metal alloys by introducing alloying elements into the solid solution matrix of the base metal. This mechanism is based on the concept that the presence of foreign atoms within the crystal lattice of the base metal hinders the movement of dislocations, which are defects in the crystal structure responsible for plastic deformation. As a result, the alloy becomes stronger and more resistant to deformation. Here's how solid solution strengthening typically works:

1. Alloying Elements: Alloying elements, such as copper, nickel, chromium, or manganese, are added to the base metal to form a solid solution. These alloying elements can either be substitutional, where they replace atoms of the base metal in the crystal lattice, or interstitial, where they occupy spaces between atoms in the lattice.
2. Homogenization: The alloying elements are uniformly distributed throughout the base metal by heating the alloy to a high temperature, typically above the solidus temperature but below the melting point. This process, known as homogenization or solutionizing, allows the alloying elements to dissolve into the crystal lattice of the base metal, forming a single-phase solid solution.
3. Quenching: After homogenization, the alloy is rapidly cooled, or quenched, to maintain the solid solution state. Quenching prevents the formation of undesirable phases and locks the alloying elements within the crystal lattice.
4. Dislocation Pinning: The presence of alloying elements disrupts the regular arrangement of atoms in the crystal lattice, creating lattice distortion. When stress is applied to the alloy, dislocations are generated as the crystal lattice attempts to deform. However, the presence of the alloying elements impedes the movement of these dislocations, effectively strengthening the material.

Solid solution strengthening is effective in enhancing the strength, hardness, and resistance to deformation of metal alloys. The degree of strengthening achieved depends on factors such as the concentration and size of the alloying elements, as well as the temperature and duration of the homogenization process. This mechanism is commonly used in the development of high-strength alloys for various industrial applications, including aerospace, automotive, and structural engineering.