Q1: The reduction in volume of soil due to squeezing out of water from the voids, is termed

ANS:D - all the above.

1. Primary Consolidation:
   • Primary consolidation refers to the gradual decrease in volume of a soil mass under a constant load due to the expulsion of water from its void spaces.
   • This process occurs predominantly in fine-grained soils, such as silts and clays, where the permeability is low and water movement is slow.
   • During primary consolidation, the excess pore water pressure within the soil gradually dissipates, causing the soil particles to rearrange and the soil mass to settle.
   • Primary consolidation is an important consideration in geotechnical engineering, especially in the design and construction of foundations and structures on compressible soil deposits.
2. Primary Compression:
   • Primary compression is not a standard term in soil mechanics. However, it may be used informally to refer to the overall compression behavior of a soil mass, including primary consolidation.
   • It could be interpreted as the initial compression of a soil mass under an applied load, which includes both immediate settlement and settlement over time due to primary consolidation.
3. Primary Time Effect:
   • The term "primary time effect" is also not a standard term in soil mechanics.
   • However, in the context of primary consolidation, it may refer to the time-dependent nature of consolidation settlement.
   • Primary consolidation settlement continues to occur over time even after the load has been applied, as excess pore water pressure gradually dissipates and the soil continues to adjust to the new stress conditions.
   • The primary time effect highlights the importance of considering the rate of consolidation and the time factor in predicting settlement behavior accurately.