Q1: The spacing of transverse reinforcement of column is decided by the following consideration.

ANS:D - All the above.

The spacing of transverse reinforcement in a column is determined by several considerations to ensure adequate confinement of the concrete core and to prevent buckling of longitudinal reinforcement under lateral loads. These considerations typically include:

1. The least lateral dimension of the column: The spacing of transverse reinforcement should be based on the smallest lateral dimension of the column. This is because smaller columns are more susceptible to buckling and require closer spacing of ties or spirals to provide sufficient confinement to the concrete core.
2. Sixteen times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal reinforcing rods in the column: This is a commonly used guideline for determining the spacing of ties or spirals in reinforced concrete columns. The spacing of transverse reinforcement should generally not exceed sixteen times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal reinforcing bars in the column.
3. Forty-eight times the diameter of transverse reinforcement: This criterion is not commonly used for determining the spacing of transverse reinforcement in columns. However, it's worth noting that the spacing should generally not exceed forty-eight times the diameter of the transverse reinforcement itself to maintain adequate confinement and prevent buckling.

Therefore, the correct statement is: "All the above." The spacing of transverse reinforcement in a column is determined by considering the least lateral dimension of the column, ensuring it does not exceed sixteen times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal reinforcing rods, and ensuring it does not exceed forty-eight times the diameter of the transverse reinforcement itself.