Q1: Total energy line is

ANS:D - All the above.

The total energy line (TEL) is a concept used in fluid mechanics to visualize and understand the total energy per unit weight of fluid at various points within a fluid flow system. It is an imaginary line drawn parallel to the direction of flow and represents the sum of three components:

1. Pressure head: This component represents the energy per unit weight of fluid due to pressure. It indicates the height to which the fluid would rise in a piezometric tube due to pressure alone.
2. Datum head: This component represents the elevation head of the fluid above a chosen reference plane or datum. It accounts for the potential energy per unit weight of fluid due to its height above the reference level.
3. Kinetic head: This component represents the energy per unit weight of fluid due to its velocity. It reflects the energy associated with the motion of the fluid.

The total energy line helps engineers and scientists analyze fluid flow systems by visualizing how the total energy of the fluid changes as it moves through the system. It also aids in understanding phenomena such as energy losses, changes in pressure, and variations in velocity within the flow. By examining the behavior of the total energy line along the flow path, engineers can identify areas of high or low energy, determine the efficiency of fluid flow systems, and optimize the design and operation of hydraulic systems such as pipelines, channels, and pumps.