Q1: View factor is important in heat transfer by

ANS:D - radiation

View factor is important in radiation heat transfer. Explanation:

• View factor, also known as shape factor or configuration factor, quantifies the fraction of radiation leaving one surface that is intercepted by another surface.
• It is a dimensionless quantity between 0 and 1 and depends on the geometric configuration of the surfaces involved.
• View factor calculations are crucial in determining the exchange of thermal radiation between surfaces in complex systems.
• In radiation heat transfer, surfaces emit, absorb, and exchange thermal radiation with their surroundings. The rate of radiation heat transfer between surfaces is influenced by the view factors, as they determine how much radiation emitted by one surface is intercepted by another.
• View factor calculations are used extensively in various engineering applications involving radiation heat transfer, such as in designing furnaces, boilers, heat exchangers, solar collectors, and spacecraft thermal control systems.
• In contrast, steady-state conduction, natural convection, and forced convection primarily involve the transfer of heat through solids or fluids by molecular motion and fluid flow, where view factors are not directly relevant.