Q1: Water hammer is caused in steam carrying pipelines, because of

ANS:A - partial condensation of steam.

Water hammer in steam-carrying pipelines occurs due to sudden changes in flow velocity or direction, leading to pressure surges within the pipeline. Among the options provided:

• Partial condensation of steam: This can indeed contribute to water hammer. When steam undergoes partial condensation due to cooling, it can lead to a rapid reduction in volume, causing pressure surges within the pipeline.
• Vibration of the pipeline: While vibration can potentially be a factor in certain scenarios, it is not the primary cause of water hammer in steam-carrying pipelines.
• High degree of superheat of steam: This is not typically a direct cause of water hammer. Superheated steam refers to steam that is heated above its saturation temperature at a given pressure. While it can affect the behavior of steam within the pipeline, it is not a direct cause of water hammer.
• Exposure to torrential rain: This is not a cause of water hammer in steam-carrying pipelines. While external factors like rain can affect pipeline integrity, water hammer is primarily an internal phenomenon caused by changes in flow conditions.