ANS:B - Alkyl benzene sulphonate (ABS)

Alkyl benzene sulphonate (ABS) is a detergent. Alkyl benzene sulphonate (ABS) is a detergent due to its chemical structure and properties that make it effective in cleaning applications. Here’s an explanation:

Structure and Composition:

1. Chemical Structure: ABS consists of a long hydrophobic alkyl chain attached to a benzene ring, which is further sulfonated to create a hydrophilic sulfonate group. This dual nature makes it an ideal surfactant.
2. Surfactant Properties: The hydrophobic (water-repelling) tail interacts with oils and dirt, while the hydrophilic (water-attracting) head interacts with water, allowing the detergent to effectively emulsify and remove stains.

Functionality:

1. Cleaning Action: When ABS is used in cleaning products, it reduces the surface tension of water, allowing it to spread and penetrate surfaces more easily. This helps in lifting and removing dirt and grease.
2. Foaming Ability: ABS produces foam, which enhances its cleaning action and improves the user experience in products like laundry detergents and dishwashing liquids.

Applications:

1. Household Cleaners: ABS is commonly found in household cleaning products, including laundry detergents, dishwashing liquids, and surface cleaners.
2. Industrial Uses: It is also used in various industrial applications where effective cleaning agents are required, such as in textile and leather processing.

Advantages of ABS:

• Biodegradable: Many formulations of ABS are designed to be biodegradable, making them environmentally friendly options compared to some other surfactants.
• Effective in Hard Water: ABS performs well in hard water conditions, maintaining its cleaning efficacy despite the presence of calcium and magnesium ions.

Summary: