Q1: X-rays do not exhibit the property of

ANS:B - scattering

Scattering refers to the phenomenon where electromagnetic radiation, such as light or X-rays, is redirected or deflected in various directions when it interacts with matter. This interaction can occur with individual particles or with larger structures in the material. There are several types of scattering, including Rayleigh scattering, Mie scattering, and Compton scattering, each of which occurs under different conditions and involves different mechanisms:

1. Rayleigh Scattering: Rayleigh scattering occurs when the size of scattering particles (such as molecules or small particles) is much smaller than the wavelength of the incident radiation. This type of scattering is responsible for the blue color of the sky and the reddening of the sun during sunrise and sunset. Rayleigh scattering is more effective for shorter wavelengths (e.g., blue and violet light) and inversely proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength.
2. Mie Scattering: Mie scattering occurs when the size of scattering particles is comparable to or larger than the wavelength of the incident radiation. Unlike Rayleigh scattering, Mie scattering is less dependent on the wavelength of light and can occur across a wider range of wavelengths. This type of scattering is responsible for phenomena such as the appearance of white clouds and the scattering of light by aerosols and dust particles.
3. Compton Scattering: Compton scattering occurs when X-rays or gamma rays interact with electrons in matter, resulting in a loss of energy and a change in direction of the radiation. This type of scattering is significant at higher energies and is commonly observed in medical imaging (e.g., X-ray imaging) and in materials analysis techniques such as X-ray diffraction.

Scattering plays a crucial role in various scientific fields, including atmospheric science, remote sensing, astronomy, and material science. By studying the patterns and characteristics of scattered radiation, scientists can gain valuable information about the properties and composition of the scattering medium, leading to a deeper understanding of natural phenomena and materials.