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Logical Deduction

Directions to SolveIn each of the following questions, three statements are given followed by four conclusions numbered I, II, III and TV. You have to take the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the given statements disregarding commonly known facts.
Q1:

Statements: All needles are threads. All threads are boxes. All trees are boxes. Conclusions:
  1. No needle is tree.
  2. Some trees are threads.
  3. Some boxes are needles.
  4. Some trees are needles.

A None follows

B Only either I or IV follows

C Only either I or IV, and II follow

D Only III follows

E Only either I or IV, and III follow

ANS:E - Only either I or IV, and III follow

Explanation: All needles are threads. All threads are boxes. Since both the premises are universal and affirmative, the conclusion must be universal affirmative (A-type) and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'All needles are boxes'. III is the converse of this conclusion and so it holds. All threads are boxes. All trees are boxes. Since the middle term 'boxes' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows. All needles are boxes. All trees are boxes. Again, since the middle term 'boxes' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion can be drawn. However, I and IV involve the extreme terms of these two statements and form a complementary pair. Thus, either I or IV follows.



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