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Logical Deduction

Directions to SolveIn each of the following questions, three statements are given followed by four conclusions numbered I, II, III and TV. You have to take the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the given statements disregarding commonly known facts.

Q1: Statements: All pencils are birds. All birds are skies. All skies are hills. Conclusions:
  1. All pencils are hills.
  2. All hills are birds
  3. All skies are pencils.
  4. All birds are hills.

A Only I and II follow

B Only I and III follow

C Only III and IV follow

D All follow

E None of these

ANS:E - None of these

Explanation: All pencils are birds. All birds are skies. Since both the premises are universal and affirmative, the conclusion must be universal affirmative (A-type) and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'All pencils are skies'. All birds are skies. All skies are hills. As discussed above, it follows that 'All birds are hills'. Thus, IV follows. All pencils are skies. All skies are hills. Clearly, it follows that 'All pencils are hills'. Thus, I follows. Hence, I and IV follow.



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