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Logical Deduction

Directions to SolveIn each of the questions below are given three statements followed by three conclusions numbered I, II and III, You have to take the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from the commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the given statements disregarding commonly known facts.
Q1:

Statements: Some boxes are hammers. Some hammers are beads. All beads are rings. Conclusions:
  1. Some rings are hammers.
  2. Some hammers are boxes.
  3. Some rings are boxes.

A None follows

B Only I follows

C Only I and II follow

D Only II and III follow

E All follow

ANS:C - Only I and II follow

Explanation: II is the converse of first premise and so it holds. Some boxes are hammers. Some hammers are beads. Since both the premises are particular, no definite conclusion can be drawn. Some hammers are beads. All beads are rings. Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some hammers are rings'. I is the converse of this conclusion and so it holds. Some boxes are hammers. Some hammers are rings. Since both the premises are particular, no definite conclusion can be drawn.



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