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Logical Deduction

Directions to SolveIn each of the following questions, three statements are given followed by four conclusions numbered I, II, III and TV. You have to take the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the given statements disregarding commonly known facts.

Q1: Statements: Some spoons are bowls. All bowls are knives. All knives are forks. Conclusions:
  1. All spoons are forks.
  2. All bowls are forks.
  3. Some knives are bowls.
  4. Some forks are spoons.

A Only II and III follow

B Only II and IV follow

C Only III and IV follow

D All follow

E None of these

ANS:E - None of these

Explanation: III is the converse of the second premise and so it holds. Some spoons are bowls. All bowls are knives. Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some spoons are knives'. All bowls are knives. All knives are forks. Since both the premises are universal and affirmative, the conclusion must be universal affirmative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that. 'All bowls are forks'. Thus, II follows. Some spoons are knives. All knives are forks. Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some spoons are forks'. IV is the converse of this conclusion and so it follows. Hence, II, III and IV follow.



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